Motivation (Theories) Theories
Any of the motivational theories tries to explain the reasons for the behavior exhibited by individuals and the processes that cause this behavior. Many theories generally tend to focus more strongly on one rather than both (Tosi et al., 1990: 268). Motivation theories can be examined in two parts as content-need theories and process theories.
1 ) Need Theories in Motivation
Content-need theories are concerned with describing people's drives and their relative strengths, and the goals people pursue to satisfy those drives. In other words, content/needs theories give importance to the nature of needs and what motivates people (Mullins, 2002: 426).
Requirements theories generally include Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Alderfer's ERG Theory, Herzberg's Two-factor Theory, Murray and McClelland's Needs Theory.
2 ) Process Theories in Motivation
According to process theories, “needs” are only one of the factors that drive the individual to behavior (Koçel, 2005; Stoner, 1978; 406) in 644. Process theories do not focus on the content, that is, the energy-related part of the phenomenon of motivation, and accept them as existing (Tınar, 1988; 9). In addition, needs are highly individualized and may change over time for each person. Therefore, process theories focus more strongly on events that affect the strength of these motives, and focus on mental processes that transform a motive into a specific behavior pattern (Rollinson & Broadfield, 2002; 203). Process theories try to describe the relationship between dynamic variables that create motivation. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed, and sustained. Process theories give importance to the real motivation process (Mullins, 2002; 426).
While need theories have some procedural tendencies, process theories may also contain dimensions with some motivational features. However, in order to reach a specific formulation about motivation, it is necessary to make a distinction between need and process (Tosi et al., 1990; 269). As a result, need and process theories are complementary rather than contradictory (Johns & Saks, 2001; 137).
Process theories generally include Vroom and Porter-Lawler's Prospect Theory, Adams' Equivalence Theory, Locke's Goal Setting Theory, Pavlov and Skinner's Conditioning Theory, Heider and Kelley's Causality Attribution/Attribution Theory.
2.1.Beklenti Kuramı (Expectancy Theory)
2.2.Adams’ın Ödül Adaleti ve Eşitliği Kuramı (Equity Theory)
2.3.Locke’un Amaç Saptama Kuramı (Goal Setting Theory)
2.4.Koşullanma Kuramı (Reinforcement Theory)
2.5.Nedensellik Yükleme/Atfetme Kuramı (Attribution Theory)
– Heider’in Nedensellik Yükleme Kuramı
– Nedensellik Yükleme Süreci
– Weiner’in Nedensellik Başarı Kuramı
– Başarı Güdüsü ve Nedensellik Yükleme İlişkisi
2.2.Adams’ın Ödül Adaleti ve Eşitliği Kuramı (Equity Theory)
2.3.Locke’un Amaç Saptama Kuramı (Goal Setting Theory)
2.4.Koşullanma Kuramı (Reinforcement Theory)
2.5.Nedensellik Yükleme/Atfetme Kuramı (Attribution Theory)
– Heider’in Nedensellik Yükleme Kuramı
– Nedensellik Yükleme Süreci
– Weiner’in Nedensellik Başarı Kuramı
– Başarı Güdüsü ve Nedensellik Yükleme İlişkisi
