Heider’in Nedensellik Yükleme Kuramı
According to Heider, people satisfy two basic needs by making attributions: to have a coherent, balanced worldview and to gain control over their environment. One purpose of meeting these needs is to predict how people will behave. If it can be explained why people behave in certain ways and predict how they will behave afterwards, this will cause people to perceive the world as more consistent and controllable (Kağıtçıbaşı, 1999; 228). He was the first to argue that it is based on the balance between the "environmental power" that includes the characteristics of the environment. Key elements of personal power; While it can be defined as “talent” and “effort”, the key elements of environmental power are; It is stated as “difficulty of the job” and “luck”. The success or failure of an intentional action is based on the relationships between this ability, effort, difficulty and luck (Gatewood et al., 1995; 374).
- Personal Strength = Effort and talent
- External Power = Difficulty and luck
The individual seeks the reasons for the work he undertakes either in himself or in his environment. Is it possible to make a distinction between individuals in this respect? In other words, might some individuals tend to attribute the results they get from a job more to factors originating from themselves, and others more to factors originating from their environment? (Onaran, 1981; 219). Julian Rotter (1966, 1975) observed that individuals differ from each other in terms of their ability to control their own lives (Cüceloğlu, 2003; 421). According to Rotter (1966), a person perceives the outcome of an event as either within his or her own control and comprehension or beyond his control. Accordingly, an "internal" oriented person believes that he can influence the results with his talent, effort or skills, while an "external" oriented person believes that forces beyond his control determine the consequences of events (Mueller & Thomas, 2000; 56).
Rotter's internal-external locus of control scale developed from Carl Jung's work. In his work “Psychological Types” (1923), Jung identified two opposing tendencies in personality: introverted and extroverted. While both tendencies are present in all people, one is shaped more dominantly than the other (Forte, 2005; 65-66).
Rotter's IE Scale (Internal-External Scale) (1966) is a 29-item scale consisting of two-choice statements and used to measure the internal-external level. Each respondent's score on this scale has a potential distribution ranging from 0 to 23. Six fillers were used to mask the purpose of the questionnaire. Therefore, a score of 23 corresponds to an extremely extrinsic score and a score of 0 corresponds to an extremely internal score (Forte, 2005; 65). Rotter named one end of the dimension he developed as internal locus of control and the other end as external locus of control (Cüceloğlu, 2003; 421). While the internal scale (I – Internal Scale) part measures the dimension that indicates that people believe they have control of their own lives; The external scale (E – External Scale) measures the dimension that indicates that people believe that they do not have control over their own lives (Forte, 2005; 65).
In Rotter's (1966) theory, individuals' locus of control varies internally/externally, but various studies (Wong & Sproule, 1984) suggest that the "internal" and "external" distinction should be studied by dividing it into dimensions. This new concept of locus of control considers internal and external control as two independent dimensions, so different types of relationships can exist between these two dimensions. In detail, external control can be observed as positive or negative control. While positive external control works together with personal control and supports it, it increases the expectation of success. While negative external control prevents or limits personal control, it reduces the expectation of success (Littunen, 2000; 296).
